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This study determined that smoking increased the risks of ophthalmopathy and decreased the effectiveness of treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine.
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The Angeles Vision Clinic presents descriptions and photos that show how excessive levels of thyroid hormones and related antibodies attack the muscles of the eye. Includes treatment and illustrations.
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The clinical features and treatment for this condition also known as thyroid eye disease (TED) or Graves' opthalmopathy (GO). From the Thyroid Foundation of Canada.
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VisionChannel presents an article about the treatment of thyroid eye disease which occurs independently from Graves' disease.
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Describes thyroid orbitopathy, including an explanation of how the eye muscles are affected, treatment and an FAQ.
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Includes information about the eye problems (ophthalmopathy) associated with both Graves' disease and autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Information on the management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. From the University of Ottawa Eye Institute.
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Describes Thyroid Related Orbitopathy (TRO) which has been known to occur as much as 30 years after Graves' disease has been treated. Causes, incidence and the role of the eye specialist.
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Explains exophthalmos, edema and dry eye associated with TED.
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Incidence, causes, physical signs, symptoms, history, lab and imaging studies, medical and surgical treatments.
