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Written for the electronic mailing list Piporg-l by Stephen Bicknell.
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Basic introduction to the Pythagorean circle of fifths and the physical basis for the need for alternative tuning systems.
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Introduction to tuning systems, based on the Western cents system. Written by Terry Blackburn.
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Discusses the development of tuning systems in Medieval Europe.
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Table comparing various Western and Non-Western temperaments.
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By Tonalsoft, a software manufacturer. Includes introduction.
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An introduction to equal temperament for guitarists who have problems tuning their guitars.
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Includes information on the differences between equal temperament and well temperament and why Bach rejected equal temperament and celebrated well temperament.
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Tradational tunings of the grand piano and Beethoven's specific tunings.
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Pitch Palette software tunes a microtunable synthesizer to just intonation, world scales, historic scales and user scales in real time.
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Excel spreadsheet that analyzes keyboard temperaments: gives beat rates for tuning, and harmonic-tension charts in all keys.
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Previously unknown temperament found on the autograph title page of the "Well-Tempered Clavier"; published 2005. Includes explanations and links to scholarly articles.
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Color-coded descriptions of tunings and temperaments from the 9th Century through the 16th Century.
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Describes proper tunings and scale construction for the Great Highland Bagpipe.
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Article by Margo Schulter written in 1998.
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Tool for the study of temperament anomalies.
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Fred Lerdahl's paper regarding the use of equal temperament over just tuning.
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The historical development of musical tuning systems from ancient Greek origins to the development of equal temperament.
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Extensive list of print books, magazines, and journal articles on tuning systems.
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This paper explores the use of simple ratios to tune musical intervals and chords. Included are a tutorial, a set of computer programs, and a re-tuned two-part invention by J.S. Bach.
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Tunings used for harpsichords.
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Construction of a reference center of scale measurements throughout the world.
